The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) defends the individual rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. In September 2003, two years after 9/11, its Washington Legislative Office published A New Era of Discrimination? Why African Americans Should Be Alarmed About the Ashcroft Terrorism Laws — a brochure arguing that the new counterterrorism powers echoed a long pattern of surveillance and profiling that had fallen disproportionately on Black communities. The piece needed to reach a general reader, not a policy audience, and turn a dense civil-liberties argument into something people would actually pick up and hold on to.